Recently a rare Mars occultation had occurred, where the red planet disappeared behind the crescent of the Moon. The phenomenon was only visible from a small region in Asia,
including Brunei Darussalam.

Astronomical experts and enthusiasts from the Astronomical Society of Brunei Darussalam (PABD), armed with telescopes, binoculars and cameras took the opportunity to hold a viewing event for its members at the beach front of The Empire Brunei in Jerudong.

PABD Treasurer-General Shaiful Bahri bin Haji Ahmad offered an Islamic point of view of this occurance. “This phenomenon only occurs every 77 years,” he said.

This, he said, is one of Allah the Almighty’s magnificence.

“This is the beauty of the course of the precise movement and rules of stars and planets set by Allah the Almighty.

“The rules set by Allah the Almighty for the course of these planets are precise and beautiful, and each planet has its own course.”

Executive committee member of PABD Nurbazilah binti Zainal Abidin said there was a moment of panic when some clouds appeared to obstruct the view, but thankfully cleared just in time for the event.

During the spectacle, from the naked eye, Mars looked like a bright ‘red star’ close to the Moon at around 8pm. It got interestingly closer to the Moon by 9pm before disappearing at 9.29pm.

The PABD said that an occultation is an astronomical phenomenon when one object is obscured by another object that passes between it and the observer.

Mars slipped behind the Moon’s dark side and was visible to the naked eye. From Brunei, the Moon was very low on the horizon. Lunar gazers had to be at a location with an unobstructed view of the Western sky.

Since the Moon is the nearest cosmic neighbour to Earth, it regularly passes in front of planets or bright stars. But an occultation by the Moon and Mars from the same location on Earth is an exceedingly rare occurrence. It is often described as a “perfect planet alignment”.

The last Mars occultation that occurred in Brunei was in May 2008.

The next one is set to take place 77 years later, on February 7, 2098.

The Islamic Hijri calendar is tied to the lunar phase cycle, with each month alternatively having either 29 or 30 days. Based on a year of 12 months, each month beginning approximately at the time of the New Moon (Ijtimak).

Salam Maal Hijrah 1442H.

Above: Facing west of Brunei, the method of determining the Kiblat using shadow of column during the “istiwa adzam” in Makkah.

Bandar Seri Begawan – On July 16 of each year, at 5:28 pm, the sun will be at Zenith and exactly above the Kaabah, Makkah.

This phenomenon known as “istiwa adzam” can be used by Muslims from almost all over the world as an easy Islamic astronomical method to determine the exact direction of Kiblat.

In a year, the sun will be directly above the Kaabah twice, on every 28th May at 5:16 pm and again on July 16th at 5:28 pm Brunei time.

Follow the following ways to check the Qiblah from your area:

1. You must use a straight objects such as a pole or side of the house. It must be vertical by checking with weights tied to a thread (plumbline).

2. The object must not be in places under shade, for example do not put under the tree or in the house. However, it must be be placed in areas that receive direct sunlight, for example, in a spacious yard.

3. Exactly at 5:28 pm July 16, the line shadow produced by the sun is the Kiblat direction which is facing toward the sun.

New moon crescent first global visibility curve for Ramadan this year, 2014

On the evening of Nov 10, 2010, PABD was invited to give an astronomy talk and organising a stargazing at the Mahad Islam Brunei College in Tutong.

Attended at the event were Pg Shahdani (Vice Secretary), Md Azri (Exco) and Dyg Salmah (ExCo). The event was also supported by the Survey Deparment of Brunei.

Courtesy of the Borneo Bulletin

Referring to the opinion “Any other method to determine moon sightings?” by Pg Hj Abd Rahman published in the Borneo Bulletin Opinion page on September 9, 2009, the Syariah Courts and the Survey Department would like to respond on matters concerning the determination of the beginning of the Hijrah month particularly beginning of Ramadhan, Syawal and Zulhijjah.

First of all, on behalf of the Syariah Courts and Survey Department, we would like to convey our gratitude to the party concern on bringing up this matters to our attention.

Under section 29 of the Syariah Courts Act (Chapter 184), every outcome of rukyah that has been determined and confirmed by the Chief Syar’ie Judge, shall be informed to the President of the Majlis Ugama Islam for the matter to be submitted to His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan.

A decision met in MABIMS (Menteri Agama Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) meeting held in 1994 had established the manner and method of determining the beginning of the month of Ramadhan, Syawal and Zulhijjah in each countries where Brunei Darussalam practice rukyah exclusively while countries like Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore jointly agreed that if the new moon is unsuccessful in rukyah in situations where the position of the moon had fulfilled the criteria that it can be sighted (imkanur rukyah), thus the beginning of the month will be based on calculation.

Meanwhile Majlis Ugama Islam in their meeting held on May 24, 2003 had decided that the current practice of determining the beginning of Ramadhan, Syawal and Zulhijjah in Brunei Darussalam which is based on rukyah will be continued. On October 1, 2003, the Majlis Ugama Islam had also decided that beginning the year 1424 Hijrah, Brunei Darussalam will not continue the practice of accepting result of rukyah from areas in Indonesia and Malaysia which have the same matlak as Brunei Darussalam.

Referring to the fatwa of the State Mufti, the rukyah method that is being practised in Brunei Darussalam is based on clear hadiths (sayings of the Prophet). Thus according to the aforementioned fatwa, it is safer to hold on to the available authority. It has also been debated and decided by jurists from the four schools of thoughts (mazhab) that the method used is by way of rukyah. This method is used in general by all Islamic nations/world.

Amongst the clear hadith in determining the beginning of Ramadhan and Syawal is a Hadith narrated by al-Bukhari which means “Do not start fasting unless you sight the new moon (Ramadhan) and do not cease fasting unless you sight the new moon (Syawal) and if anything (clouds etc) overcasts, then complete (30 days).”

Hence once the determination and confirmation done by the Chief Syar’ie Judge under section 29 concludes that the new moon has been sighted, then the following day will be fixed as the first or beginning of hijrah month, and if the result of rukyah is not sighted, so the method of istikmal or complete the month to become 30 days will be affixed. This method has been affirmed by Hukum Syara’ and is considered the safest to determine the right to start fasting or to celebrate early Syawal.

Based on the hadith and fatwa of the State Mufti, Brunei Darussalam remains to hold solemnly on the rukyah method and not on method of falak calculation as in the other MABIMS countries. Brunei Darussalam’s practice is the same as those Muslim countries in the Middle East.

It is also important to know that officers assigned to conduct rukyah are qualified and competent officers who consist of officers from the Syariah Courts, the SurveyDeaprtment and relevant officers. Initial preparations done before conducting rukyah among others is surveying the location, conducting briefing on rukyah data analysis such as when does observation time starts, knowing the coordinate of the moon and sun and information on parameter of visibility of the moon as well as preparation of set of instrument Syar’ie Judges on duty at the place of rukyah before forwarding it to the Chief Syar’ie Judge.

Based on Survey Department previous records, it can be assured that, problems related to calculations did not arise at all, because whenever there was successful sighting of the moon crescent, comparison between data obtained from the actual sighting and calculation is almost negligible, meaning that, calculation did match the actual sighting. The actual sighting has also been made to compare time and position of the moon during a solar eclipse and the differences are also almost negligible. Thus our calculation related to conjunction phenomena (starting time for counting moon’s age) has been proven to be correct.

As for visibility of moon at sunset, our 10 years records (1419H – 1429H) of moon visibility on 29th days of every Islamic month including Ramadhan, Syawal and Zulhijjah show that, more than 90 per cent of the physical sighting closed to the western horizon of this country has problems associated with thick clouds which prevent the moon crescent from being sighted.

It should also be clarified that, the appearance of the 29th crescent is as fine as a cotton thread which is the results of the sun’s rays reflection on moon surface. Slight blockage by clouds makes sighting impossible. Although visual aids such as telescope provide added magnification, resolution and light detection (Charged Couple Device, CCD) capabilities, however we should remember that optical telescope is only design to be light sensitive. Thus when ever light coming from the crescent is blocked, we logically can’t see the moon even in cases where it was supposed to be visible.

The moon height above the western horizon changes by 13? every 24 hours or (~0? 32′ every hour) meaning that, when the height of the moon above horizon on the previous evening (29th days) is 1? at sunset, then on the next day at sunset, its height will be 14?. Then it should be easily seen since the crescent should have been above the cloud which usually exists at the western horizon of this country.

So long as Brunei Darussalam hold on solemnly to the outcome of rukyah whilst neighbouring countries hold on to hisab or calculation, then there will occasionally exist differences of either beginning of fasting or Hari Raya.

The existence of the differences in starting the religious obligations of fasting and Hari Raya amongst Muslims in various countries is acceptable according to syara’ bearing in mind each of these countries has its own monarch or head of state with their distinctive powers.

Concern regarding the delay in the start of fasting or Hari Raya should not arise because according to syara’, every outcome of rukyah in each country is recognized as legitimate and any religious duties of Muslims performed in various countries are legitimate as well in the eyes of Allah SWT. Even though there might be delay of two days from other countries the legitimacy of the religious duties will not be deformed so long as it does not exceed 30 days or is not less than 29 days particularly in performing the fast in Ramadhan.

The scientific way of sending observers on aeroplane to avoid cloud is a good idea, however, the idea has not been the current practice in most Muslim countries due to logistic and economic reasons. This suggestion might be considered and it is subject to approval from related authorities.

However, it must be emphasised that, to perform religious obligations including the rukyah of beginning of the hijrah month, Islam actually in its nature is accommodating and does not require great effort as such to use aeroplane and etc as these are acts of good deeds and each act of good deed is not to be done in a struggle. A lot or verses in the Qur’an and Hadiths of the Prophet SAW gave guidelines so that every religious obligation will not have to be done in hardship. For example, if water is not available so ablution (wudhu) may be substituted with the act of tayammum which is sufficient to enable prayer to be performed. And so does other religious obligations.

The question of practice and performance of obligations in religion must not be interpreted or determined based solely on logical reasoning as it relates to obedience to the command of Allah and His messenger.

Chief Registrar of the Syariah Appeal Court,
Syariah Courts,
State Judiciary Department, Prime Minister Office,
Brunei Darussalam
And
Surveyor General,
Survey Department,
Ministry of Development,
Brunei Darussalam